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WASHINGTON DC, UNITED STATES – JANUARY 31: Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Meta, Mark Zuckerberg testify before a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on online child sexual exploitation in the Dirksen Senate Office Building on January 31, 2024, in Washington DC, United States. (Photo by Celal Gunes\/Anadolu via Getty Images)<\/span><\/p>\n Anadolu via Getty Images<\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n Last week marked a landmark moment in tech history when a Los Angeles jury ruled that social media giants Meta and YouTube were negligent in designing features that harmed a 20-year-old\u2019s mental health.<\/p>\n The seven-week trial kicked off in February, more than two years after California-based \u201cKaley G.M.\u201d sued the platforms in 2023, alleging that using social media at a young age led to her mental health problems such as body dysmorphia and depression. She also sued TikTok and Snap, both of which confidentially settled just hours before jury selection was due to begin.<\/p>\n Lawyers representing Kaley argued that the platforms hook young users with features such as infinite scrolling, autoplay videos and beauty filters. A jury found that the platforms intentionally built addictive platforms that harmed her health, and that Meta was 70% responsible for Kaley\u2019s harms while YouTube was 30% responsible. She was awarded a total of $6 million in damages \u2014 an outcome likely to have crucial ramifications for thousands<\/u><\/a> of similar lawsuits now making their way through U.S. courts.<\/p>\n The ruling came on the heels of a New Mexico jury determining that Meta was liable<\/u> for $375 million in damages after State Attorney General Ra\u00fal Torrez alleged the platform\u2019s features enabled predators and pedophiles to exploit children.<\/p>\n \u201cThis damning verdict is a landmark moment in recognizing the harm caused by tech giants in the manipulative designs of their social media platforms,\u201d said Erika Guevara-Rosas<\/u><\/a>, senior director of research, advocacy, policy and campaigns at Amnesty International.<\/p>\n \u201cFor years, social media companies including Meta and YouTube have profited from targeting children and young people with addictive design features that prioritize engagement over wellbeing. They have deliberately built into their platforms features such as infinite scroll, autoplay, and persistent notifications that are engineered to \u2018hook\u2019 young users into compulsive use.\u201d <\/p>\n Meanwhile, Meta and Google said they disagreed with the verdict and intended to appeal. <\/p>\n A spokesperson for Google said in a statement to the media, \u201cThis case misunderstands YouTube, which is a responsibly built streaming platform, not a social media site.\u201d<\/p>\n Infinite Scroll<\/strong> is perhaps the most discussed feature in the trial. Rather than presenting users with a paginated feed that has a clear end point, infinite scroll loads new content continuously as users scroll downward, removing any natural stopping point. The concept was first introduced in 2006 by designer Aza Raskin, who has since expressed regret<\/u><\/a> about its consequences. The feature exploits what behavioral psychologists call “variable-ratio reinforcement” \u2014 the same mechanism that makes slot machines addictive. Users never know whether the next post will be brilliant or boring, and that uncertainty triggers compulsive seeking. As former Facebook Engineering Director Arturo B\u00e9jar testified, internal communications suggested<\/u><\/a> some Meta employees raised concerns about growing “reward tolerance” among users \u2014 the phenomenon where users need more and more content to feel the same engagement. <\/p>\n Autoplay<\/strong> is the feature that automatically starts playing a video the moment a previous one ends \u2014 or when a user’s scroll brings them to a video in their feed. Autoplay extends viewing sessions significantly, because users often watch at least part of a video before deciding whether to stop \u2014 and by that point, the next one has already begun. YouTube, which is primarily a video platform, relies on autoplay heavily. Platforms typically use it in conjunction with recommendation algorithms that serve up content predicted to maximize a user’s time on the platform.<\/p>\n Interestingly, according to B\u00e9jar<\/u><\/a>, \u201chated [autoplay]\u201d.<\/p>\n \u201cThey found it disruptive,\u201d he said. \u201cThe result was that more people watched more videos and advertisers were happy, but users were unhappy.\u201d<\/p>\n Mark Lanier, who led the lawyers representing Kaley, likened endless scroll and autoplay to getting free tortilla chips at a restaurant \u2014 and not being able to stop eating them.<\/p>\n Algorithmically Timed Notifications<\/strong> are a mechanism designed not merely to inform users of activity, but to pull them back into the app at psychologically optimal moments. Notifications exploit the brain’s fear of missing out<\/u><\/a>, inducing a kind of anxiety that can only be relieved by opening the app. The platforms’ own research, according to internal documents<\/u><\/a> introduced as evidence, tracked patterns of compulsive use. When a notification arrives, it creates an almost reflexive urge to check \u2014 and checking reinforces the scroll cycle.<\/p>\n Beauty Filters<\/strong> received specific attention because of Kaley’s diagnosis with body dysmorphia. Instagram’s filters allow users to alter their appearance \u2014 smoothing skin, changing eye shape, slimming faces \u2014 in photos and videos.<\/p>\n \u201cWhen I got a bunch of likes, I was really happy,\u201d Kaley<\/u><\/a> said in court. \u201cIf I didn\u2019t get a lot of likes, I would feel I shouldn\u2019t have posted it, I was ugly.\u201d <\/p>\n After Lanier unspooled a long banner of photos she posted on Instagram, she testified that \u201calmost all\u201d had one of the filters that allows people to change their appearance. <\/p>\n Kaley testified that she did not feel bad about her body until she began using Instagram with its filters. Zuckerberg himself was questioned during testimony about why he retained beauty filters despite internal research flagging their negative impact on young girls’ body image. Behavioral addiction expert Mark Griffiths told the court that receiving likes \u2014 often driven by filtered appearance \u2014 can release dopamine, the chemical associated with pleasure and motivation, creating a cycle of validation-seeking.<\/p>\n Recommendation Algorithms<\/strong> underpinned all of these features. The platforms’ AI systems analyze every scroll, pause, like, share and repeat visit to build a detailed model of what will keep a given user on the platform longest \u2014 and then serve content accordingly. The plaintiff’s case argued<\/u><\/a> that for vulnerable young users, these algorithms do not optimize for wellbeing \u2014 they optimize for engagement, which can mean serving progressively more extreme, emotionally triggering or appearance-focused content to users who show a susceptibility to it.<\/p>\n Together, these features were characterized in court as an interlocking system that \u2014 particularly for young people whose prefrontal cortexes are still developing \u2014 can create genuine compulsive use patterns and hamper health. The jury concluded that Meta and Google knew this, failed to adequately warn users and prioritized engagement over safety.<\/p>\n The verdict confirms what many parents, educators and mental health professionals have been concerned about for years: that addictive qualities of social media platforms are, in significant part, a design feature, <\/em>not a bug. The platforms are designed by teams of behavioral scientists and engineers whose explicit goal is to maximize the amount of time you spend on the app. A Wall Street Journal investigation, \u201cthe Facebook files<\/a>,\u201d found that at least one major social media firm knows far more than it admits about the various harms its products inflict.<\/p>\n The taxonomy around this makes it even more complicated, including how users frame the issue for themselves. A 2025 peer-reviewed study<\/u><\/a> published in Scientific Reports<\/em> urges caution about how broadly the term \u201caddiction\u201d is applied. Researchers Ian Anderson and Wendy Wood at the University of Southern California surveyed a national sample of 1,204 adult Instagram users and found that only 2% met clinical criteria for addiction risk on a standard symptom scale \u2014 and yet 18% believed themselves to be addicted. The gap, the researchers argued, is itself a problem: when users label their behavior as addiction (rather than habit, which is what heavy social media can also be), they experience lower perceived control, higher self-blame and more failed attempts to cut back. <\/p>\n The researchers caution that broad use of addiction language, amplified by media coverage and litigation, may be creating a self-defeating cycle \u2014 making users feel more helpless rather than more empowered to change.<\/p>\n Another large-scale study approaches that point from a different angle.<\/p>\n A major 2026 longitudinal study<\/u><\/a> published in JAMA Pediatrics<\/em> tracking nearly 101,000 Australian students across grades 4 through 12 over three years found that the relationship between social media use and wellbeing is not a straight line \u2014 it’s a curve. Moderate users fared best, and both the heaviest users and <\/em>non-users showed worse wellbeing outcomes, though the risks shifted depending on age and sex. <\/p>\n For girls, moderate use became the most protective pattern from middle adolescence onward. For boys, the findings were interesting in a different direction: by late high school, boys who used no social media at all showed worse<\/em> wellbeing outcomes than even the heaviest users \u2014 suggesting that for teenage boys, total abstinence may carry its own social costs, likely tied to isolation from peer networks that increasingly exist online. The authors are careful to note that the findings are observational and cannot establish causation, but the study’s scale \u2014 nearly 174,000 data points \u2014 makes it a a strong examination of this question, and its central message is a meaningful complication to simple “less is more” prescriptions. The goal, it suggests, should be helping young people find a sustainable middle ground, not eliminating social media use entirely.<\/p>\n Ultimately, for children and teenagers, whose brains are still developing the impulse control and self-regulation capacities that adults rely on to moderate their behavior, the risk is high. KGM testified that she was unable to stop using Instagram even when she tried \u2014 because the platform’s notification systems and algorithmic rewards were specifically designed to override that kind of self-directed restraint.<\/p>\n Here is what the research suggests users can actually do:<\/p>\n Turn off all notifications<\/strong> from social media apps. Notifications are not designed to be helpful information and reminders \u2014 they are designed to pull you back into the app at moments when the algorithm predicts you are most susceptible. Disabling them removes one of the most powerful re-entry mechanisms.<\/p>\n Replace infinite scroll with time-limited access.<\/strong> Research recommends treating social media the way you would treat any other scheduled activity \u2014 specific windows of time and time blocks, rather than background availability throughout the day. Apps are significantly more difficult to resist when they live on the home screen of a phone you carry everywhere; moving them off the home screen and developing time blocks create a meaningful barrier.<\/p>\n For parents of younger children<\/strong>: The legal minimum age for social media accounts is 13. Since age minimums are not being effectively enforced by companies, having direct conversations with children about why these platforms are designed the way they are \u2014 and what specific mechanisms they use \u2014 may give younger people a framework to understand what’s happening rather than simply being told “less screen time.”<\/p>\n Use available parental tools critically.<\/strong> Parental controls exist on all major platforms. Screen time limits, content restrictions, and account linking are available on Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, and Snapchat. However, experts caution that these tools are imperfect and often easy for teenagers to circumvent \u2014 and that they do not alter the underlying algorithmic architecture. They are a useful layer of protection, but not a complete solution.<\/p>\nHow The Features In Question Work<\/h2>\n
What Can Users Do Now? <\/h2>\n