It’s a familiar feeling: You start a text message, and your phone’s auto-complete function suggests several choices for the next word, ranging from banal to hilarious. “I love …” you, or coffee? Or you’re finishing an email, and merely typing the word “Let” prompts your app to suggest “Let me know if you have any questions” in light gray text.
Predictive language technologies have become so routine—baked into smartphones, email services, and chatbots—that we barely notice them anymore. But they raise a difficult question: What happens to a writer’s unique voice when AI routinely completes their thoughts—or generates them altogether from scratch?
As the chair of a large English department—and as a scholar who researches the effects of predictive writing—I’ve witnessed firsthand the challenges that generative AI systems such as ChatGPT, Gemini, and Claude pose for individual expression.
This technology has been incorporated into the writing process so fully that it’s almost impossible to imagine encountering a scene from the not-so-distant past: a writer, alone, with a pen and a piece of paper, wrestling with how to best translate their ideas, arguments, and stories into something legible and interesting.
Predictive text leads to predictive writing
As many scholars have noted, though, this vision of writing was never fully accurate.
Essays have always incorporated guidance from teachers, professors, or writing tutors. A friend might give feedback, or your favorite novelist’s turn of phrase might offer inspiration. The language we use is never fully “ours,” but draws on millions of sources absorbed over the course of our lives.
Just as it’s a myth to imagine that writers compose in a vacuum, there has never been a clear line between genuine human expression versus machine-generated text. As scholars have pointed out, we have been using machines to communicate for a long time. Every technological development—from the quill pen and the typewriter to the word processor—has brought with it changes in how humans express themselves.
